Friday, March 20, 2020

Effects of Substance Abuse

Effects of Substance Abuse Roy (2009) argues that addiction is a process that involves physiological changes in a person. The author (Roy 2009) considers addiction to be a social, cultural, genetic, and an experimental process. Addiction is a situation that gives a person temporary pleasure, especially when the victim is in discomfort. However, it is important to note that it always has a negative impact in the long term.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Substance Abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Addicts are individuals who depend on constant substance use (Roy, 2009). It is true that some sort of drugs can cause addiction if abused or used without a doctors prescription. Nonetheless, addiction is not limited to only drugs use as it also involves habits which can be addictive. Such habits as surfing in the internet, taking chocolates, drinking tea, gaming can also be very addictive. Being highly depended on something and being unable to live without it is, therefore, a sign that one is addicted. Humans always seek for pleasure hence this is the bait for which people fall. Seeking for pleasure, addicts show an extraordinary desire and dependence on a substance. Addicts present a great desire to repeat a particular pattern of activity. Roy (2009) describes addicts as individuals who are obsessed and depressed, hence using their obsession to counter their depression. Addiction can be controlled and stopped, but the right approach should be adopted. Through counseling and rehabilitation programs, many addicts have been able to get back to their normal life. Stimulants, such as cocaine, are drugs that accelerate the heart rate increasing the blood pressure (Auburn Hills, 2012). Narcotic analgesics are drugs that relieve the patients or the users from pain, hence changing their mood patterns (Auburn Hills, 2012). Such drugs include Codeine, Heroin, Demerol, Darvon, Morphine, etc. (Auburn Hills, 2012). Hallucino gens, on the other hand, are drugs that cause the user to see things differently than they really appear (Auburn Hills, 2012). They include drugs such as Psilocybin and Peyote (Auburn Hills, 2012). Lastly, the cannabis is another name for marijuana. The main component of the cannabis that makes people addicts is the delta-9 tetrehydrocannabinol, THC (Auburn Hills, 2012). Addiction to the cannabis is the most popular addiction in the world today, especially among teenagers and generally young people. Cannabis addicts find it difficult to give up taking the substance as those who try experience such symptoms as insomnia, loss of appetite, depression, irritability, anger and many others (Leshner, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research conducted by Leshner (2001) showed that in every ten people who used cannabis, one became an addict. Trying the drug several time s increases the chances of addiction while daily users are at the greatest risk of developing dependency. Cocaine, the famous white powder, is a very powerful and addictive drug that has a direct impact on the brain (Leshner, 2001). The drug is a very high stimulant that takes effect in less than ten seconds when smoked. Its pleasurable effects have made the drug popular among many young people as well as the older generation. Cocaine makes the user feel good and become talkative. Once an individual uses cocaine, it is very difficult to forecast if he or she will continue depending on the drug. This is due to its very high addictive nature. Prescription of the drugs which may cause addiction may widely be used for non-medical purposes. Using drugs that have medicinal value for any other purpose apart from the medical use is therefore a drug abuse. There are classes of widely abused drugs which are the Opioids, CNS depressants, and the stimulants (Leshner, 2001). Opioids are normally prescribed to treat pain due to their highly effective analgesic properties (Leshner, 2001). For instance, Morphine is widely used in surgery to mitigate severe pain before and after an operation. Taking such drugs causes rigorous depression, and this can lead to drastic occurrences such as death. However, prescribed doses are effective in managing pain. Another category of drugs that can be widely abused is the CNS depressants. These drugs are medically used to slow down brain functions in order to treat anxiety and insomnia. For example, mephobarbital and pentobarbital are prescribed to manage anxiety, tension, and insomnia in patients (Leshner, 2001). Diazepam and Chlordiazepoxide are prescribed to treat shock and panic attacks, acute stress reactions and anxiety (Leshner, 2001). However, continued use of these drugs may cause tolerance hence the body will require more doses to achieve the same effect. This may lead to physical dependence that may lead to withdrawal if the amoun t used is reduced. The last prescribed category of drugs which can cause addiction is the stimulants. These drugs are used to enhance brain activities unlike the depressants that slow down the brain functions. This category of drugs causes the user to be alert and attentive by increasing the blood pressure (Leshner, 2001). Such drugs are prescribed to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. Other conditions that can be treated with stimulants include obesity and neurological disorders (Leshner, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Substance Abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Auburn Hills: The 7 Drug Categories. (2012). Retrieved from: http://auburnhills.org/departments/police_department/drug_recognition_expert/7_drug_categories.php Leshner, A. (2001). Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. National institute on drug abuse Research Report. 1(1), 1-4. Roy, S. (2009). The Psychology o f Addiction. Retrieved from: https://ezinearticles.com/?The-Psychology-of-Addictionid=1393598

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Stance

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Stance The rhetorical stance is the role or behavior of a speaker or writer in relation to their subject, audience, and persona (or voice). The term rhetorical stance was coined in 1963 by American rhetorician Wayne C. Booth. Its sometimes also referred to as footing. Examples and Observations The common ingredient that I find in all of the writing I admireexcluding, for now, novels, plays and poemsis something that I shall reluctantly call the rhetorical stance, a stance which depends on discovering and maintaining in any writing situation a proper balance among the three elements that are at work in any communicative effort: the available arguments about the subject itself, the interests and peculiarities of the audience, and the voice, the implied character, of the speaker. I should like to suggest that it is this balance, this rhetorical stance, difficult as it is to describe, that is our main goal as teachers of rhetoric.(Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetorical Stance. College Composition and Communication, October 1963)Rhetorical Stance in Speaking and WritingClosely related to tone is the concept of rhetorical stance, which is a fancy term for a simple idea.Most language transactions are face-to-face: we can see the people we are talking to. In these situations, we all make subtle shifts in our way of talking, depending on the audience, and it is these shiftssome of which are not so subtlethat make up our rhetorical stance in spoken discourse. . . .In short, when you talk, you adjust your rhetorical stance continually, using different techniques for different people in various situations.In writing, the tone is a part of rhetorical stance: seriousness, irony, humor, outrage, and so on. So is purpose: you can explain, explore, or demonstrate; you can attempt to persuade someone to take any action or make a decision. And, of course, you can try to rouse emotions with a poem or to amuse people with a fictional tale.(W. Ross Winterowd, The Contemporary Writer. Harcourt, 1981) Adapting to an Audience[R]hetorical stance is pure Aristotle. The stance is all about adjusting tone and purpose to different audiences. Here the student chooses a stand on a given topic with a keen eye on the audience. The purpose is not to manipulate in the Sophist sense but to better garner arguments, evidence that will convince. Rhetorical stance also invites being an insider in order to get into the mind of that audience.(Joyce Armstrong Carroll and Edward E. Wilson, Four by Four: Practical Methods for Writing Persuasively. ABC-CLIO, 2012)Your Rhetorical StanceWhere do you stand on that? is a question often asked of political figures and other authorities. But writers must ask the question of themselves as well. Understanding where you stand on your topicyour rhetorical stancehas several advantages. It will help you examine where your opinions come from and thus help you address the topic fully; it will help you see how your stance might differ from the stances held by members o f your audience, and it will help you establish your credibility with your audience. This part of your rhetorical stanceyour ethos or credibilityhelps determine how well your message will be received. To be credible, you will need to do your homework on your subject, present your information fairly and honestly, and be respectful of your audience.(Andrea A. Lunsford, The St. Martins Handbook, 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2011)