Women Empowerment Did it Break Glass Ceiling

Introduction The paper lays down the experiences of researcher and learning from the research done on glass ceiling faced by women. Though this is not a reflective essay, the findings are expressed in a narrative manner, and a conclusion has been given regarding career and glass ceiling faced by women.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women Empowerment: Did it Break Glass Ceiling? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Empowerment and presence in the corporate sector Topic Studied The topic that has been studied in research is ‘glass ceiling’ problem for women. During the study, the research has been focused on glass ceiling that shows them all the opportunities, but stops them in achieving them. The researcher understood that the presence of women in the corporate sector could not be an instance to break glass ceiling as they faced the situation that they had faced before they got the opportunity to work i n the corporate sector. While they had no opportunities to work, they saw them through glass ceiling, that is why now, they are viewing their advancement in their career through glass ceiling. Hence, the understanding of researcher is that the glass ceiling for women has not been broken even after they have started getting opportunities to work. Presence in HR As per the research done, the available literature states that the corporate sector prefers to use women in human resources department more than in other departments. It does not mean that there are no women in other departments, but their presence in HR is greater than compared to other departments. This situation can be termed as a discrimination as women are also capable of doing other works and getting more opportunities. This condition is due to the ignorance of the corporate sector about expertise of women in other departments. Due to the different way of thought and zeal to be successful, women turned the opportunities offered to them to empower themselves throughout of box thinking. However, the entrance of women in HR departments has changed the way the personnel departments used to work and even the name from ‘personnel’ to ‘HR’. Women have shown the difference in leadership style, but it cannot be termed as breaking of glass ceiling as they still face hindrances to try to reach the top using their soft skills and dominated the corporate sector in HR, marketing and production design activities. Lack of network Though it has been found that women fare well in departments other than HR, it is the lack of network like men which hinder the development of women. The researchers experience while working on the issue indicates that women have fewer networks compared to men. That does not mean that women do not have any network because there may be some female employees and executives who have enough network, but men use their networking capabilities to beat women when trying to climb the ladder of hierarchy in an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presence of Women in Top Positions Though they face stiff resistance from men with networking capabilities, the presence of women in HR, marketing and production design has resulted in opportunities for women to get into top positions of corporate companies. This resulted in an increase of women CEOs from two to three percent in the US from 2005 to 2008. It has been found that women learn more than men while working, but they are not able to compete with men as they can start their career only after their children attain school going age. The above situation indicates that they are able to start a career late than men and even if they start their career, they have to break due to personal reasons. Conclusion The women empowerment emanated from the needs of women to work as well as the necessity of the c orporate companies to have women in their company. After a substantial duration of time, even now, there is a necessity for policies to empower women in all the divisions of society, and the glass ceiling is haunting them in another form. This essay on Women Empowerment: Did it Break Glass Ceiling? was written and submitted by user Camilo Graves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

French Expression Etre Dans Son Assiette - French Plate

French Expression Etre Dans Son Assiette - French Plate Lets start with a mistake you hear all the time: be careful to not say une assiette (a plate) instead of un sià ¨ge (a seat). Students get confused because the verb for to seat is sasseoir, so they think une assiette is related. Hence the mistake. A Plate Une Assiette We have different kind of plates used for different courses: Les Assiettes Plates (Flat): une petite assiette (une assiette fromage, une assiette dessert par exemple) - smaller plate used for cheese or dessert for example.une grande assiette (une assiette entremet) - a bigger plate, used for the main course.une assiette pain - a very small plate for the breadNote that a very small plate to put under a cup is called une soucoupe.   Les Assiettes Creuses (Deeper Plate) une assiette soupe: soup plate Les Plats (Serving Dishes) There are too many to list: des plats creux (deeper), des plats plats (yes, flat serving dish), and we often sort them by their shape or use : un plat rond, oval, carrà © (round, oval, square...), un plat poisson (for the fish), un plat tarte (pie)... un plat pour le four (for the oven). Ne Pas Être Dans Son Assiette   This weird idiom means to not feel/look well, to feel/look depressed.   Et bien, Camille, à §a va ? Tu es sure ? Tu nas pas lair dans ton assiette.Well, Camille, are you OK? Are you sure? You dont look well. And it has nothing to do with a plate! Actually, it does come from sasseoir, and has to do with the position one is sitting: Lassiette. Its an old French word, that nowadays is only used for horseback riding. We say: un bon cavalier a une bonne assiette. (a good rider has a good sitting position). Otherwise, the French word une assiette is used for a plate, thats all. Note that for the idiom ne pas à ªtre dans son assiette will always be used in the negative, and the possessive adjective will change to agree with the person you are talking about. Regarde Pierre : il na pas lair dans son assiette.Look at Pierre: he doesnt look well.

CASE STUDY # 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

# 1 - Case Study Example However, some children may accurately develop these abilities but still have symptoms of language disorder. The speech disorders without known causes are usually referred to developmental language disorder. Nonetheless, numerous agents including brain injury, developmental problems, hearing loss, autistic spectrum disorder, and learning disabilities, may cause the language disorder in children (The New York Times 01). Notably, each agent has its unique symptoms, system of diagnosis, and treatment. Cori Williams, the national president announced during the Federal Lections of the year 2007 lobbied a national campaign against speech disorder among children. William wanted the speech pathology to be discussed extensively and sufficiently so that the government could adopt the Speech Pathology as an Australia’s policy (Speech Pathology Australia 01). The main areas that this public policy aimed at addressing included the functions of the speech pathology services to children with speech and language disorders. William also wanted the improved access of pathology services to children in remote areas. Finally, it lobby called for extended pathology services within the Medicare Allied Health Initiative (Speech Pathology Australia 01). There numerous exams and tests that are often conducted in children to determine the type of speech disorder they might be suffering. In some cases, a speech disorder in a child may be traced from the medical history of the child’s family (Simms 432). In such a case, it may be revealed that the child’s close relative might have suffered speech and language problems. Moreover, a child who might be suspected to be suffering from language or speech disorder can be taken for standardized expressive and receptive language tests. During this test, a language and speech neuropsychologist or therapist will be able to determine the same. Additionally,

M3A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M3A1 - Essay Example This implies that the firm’s current assets exceed its current liabilities. The current ratio and quick acid ratio of the company after the 2nd quarter of 2000 were 5.92 and 3.29. Both ratios are outstanding due to the fact that they exceed the 1.0 threshold (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). Honest Tea is in a good position to pay off its short term debt. During 1999 the firm was able to turn its inventory 2.50 times during the year. The debt ratio and debt to equity ratio of the company demonstrate that the firm has not incurred in long term financing options. Case study analysis questions: 1) Does the Tea market appear to be attractive as of the year 2000? Explain by referencing relevant metrics and information. The Tea market appears to be attractive for the year 2000. Tea is one of the fastest growing drinks in the United States due to its unique attributes. The competition in the tea market is not as severe as the competition in other segments of the drink industry such as in th e carbonated soda sector in which Coca Cola and Pepsi dominate. As of 1999 there were 2,595,500 gallons of tea consumed by the American public or 9.5 gallons per capita. 2) How is Honest Tea doing financially and otherwise? Discuss by referencing relevant metrics and other information. ... Despite the negative income of the company during its first few years of operations the company has done a good job of maintaining liquidity for the firm. The current ratio and quick ratio of the company demonstrate that the company has the ability to pay off its short term debt. The company has done a good job so far of growing its market. The reason that the company has not reached profitability yet is due to the fact that the company does not have sufficient sales to breakeven. 3) What does Honest Tea need to do about its financing to be successful in the future? Discuss. To be successful in the future Honest Tea needs to raise sufficient capital to expand its operations beyond the breakeven point. The firm has to invest money wisely in its marketing initiatives to expand the demand for its product. The company needs to obtain sufficient capital to purchase all the raw materials necessary to produce the projected sales of the company and to purchase the machinery and equipment nee ded for the expansion plan of the company. 4) Who has the company approached for financing in the past and were they the "right" investors? Explain. In the past the firm approached its customers to become the investors of the company. The decision to involve customers as investors was not very wise because a lot of them did not have financial knowledge which made it hard for the administration of the company to explain the financial results to them. Also the amount of money the firm obtained using this strategy was not sufficient. 5) What amount of financing appears to be needed to support the future sales projections of $9,000,000 in 2001 and $16,900,000 in 2002? Explain. Based on the fact that the cost of goods sold of the company represented

Reading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Assignment - Essay Example The case of California Marinas illustrates that global warming has other ill effects to the environment and that it has economic consequence not only in terms of loss of lives and properties but also on the income foregone when it ruins the basis of basis which in this case, drying waters in the Marina dock which turns potential customers away. Drying the waters due to dry spell also has other consequences that harm business. It also threatens our food security such as in the case of Castro Valley in California where the agriculture sector also suffered from the dry spell. Time will come that if we will not change our ways to begin taking care of our environment, storms will not only become stronger but will also ruin our business and destroy our crops that we will no longer have source of income nor food to eat. Since the inception of the Drought Monitor in 2000, the entire state of California has recently experienced the three worst stages of drought. This level of drought is the highest stage affecting entire state California. It used to be unthinkable but it is happening now. Unlike in Castro Valley where the drought dried up the waters of its Marina dock turning customers away and in some areas harming its agriculture, the experience of San Diego and San Clemente are more deadly. These areas experienced seven wildfires where raze of fire was so huge that their smoke plumes can be seen by satellite and radar. These wild fires are caused by hot, dry conditions where the dry vegetation acts like a fuel for the fires. Coupled with gusty winds, these wildfires can spread the fire to other areas that could kill people and destroy properties. The destructive effective of global warming are taking its toll in many unusual ways. It no longer manifests in terms of storms and hurricanes, but also in rising seas. In many areas, it causes long droughts that cause water basins to dry up harming people’s livelihood. It also threatens our food security

Cooking for chumps Essay Example for Free

Cooking for chumps Essay What is one skill you can use all your life, no matter what career you end up in? Cooking is a fundamental skill that benefits life in all aspects! Engineers need food, Scientists need food, stay-at-home moms need food, even people with no career need food. Its a necessity of life! That is why I choose to learn cooking as my skill for my learning project. I have learned so much over the past few weeks that I will never forget. Cooking is not just about throwing something together, its a real learn-able skill. Cooking is a skill that never really appealed to me. I always had someone to cook for me. However, Im growing up. There is not always going to be someone there to cook my meals. So I thought I should learn how to do it my self. I never know how fun and rewarding cooking could be. It is an awesome feeling to cook for someone or even your self and have the meal or dish turn out exactly how you want it. Especially if you don’t burn it! Before I could even start cooking I needed to learn a little bit more about the skill. I did some research, looked up terms and asked my family to tell me what they thought I should know. This is when I got one of the best pieces of advice I could have ever gotten. â€Å"If it doesn’t turn out right the first time, or you mess up don’t get discouraged and feel free to experiment! † This came from my family. This piece of advice is really what kept me going through this project. When I would want to mess up they would remind me of why I was doing this and the rewards I would get for completing it. They were right, if I had given up I wouldn’t have the skill I have now. I wouldn’t be able to cook for myself. It doesn’t always turn out perfect, but life isn’t about being perfect. Its about doing what makes you happy and doing your best at it. I have a variety of recipes that I choose to make for this Learning Project. Each recipe was chosen for a reason. I choose to make the MM cookies because they were my favorite cookies as a child. I wanted to be able to carry on the tradition of my family in my future. These cookies are quick, easy and delicious. Next I choose Sausage Gravy and Biscuits. This recipe is just an all around classic. Everyone loves it and its easy and pretty cheap to make. However, the biscuits did give me some trouble! This recipe taught me that until I am more comfortable with what Im making I need to follow a recipe and not try to guess proportions! Next I made the dish that was just for me. I love honey and garlic, so I decided to make the chicken. It was really simple, but I got distracted and I burnt the chicken. I quickly remembered it before it was to burnt. It still tasted pretty good. Next I made dinner for my whole family. I made roast beef. It was really easy and good. For my final recipe I wanted to share something with the whole class. So I made a chocolate pie. This was one of the most difficult dishes I made. It involved so many terms that I didn’t know had anything to do with cooking. It required me to learn different techniques and follow a recipe exactly. I hope it was worth all the trouble! Its sitting in my fridge waiting for our presentation time! Ive never had to do a project like this before and it took me forever to choose my topic. I kept thinking and thinking and I finally came up with cooking. My family at first disagreed with me saying that it wasn’t really a skill. But think about it, how many teenage boys can cook a really good meal for himself or anyone else I really wanted to be able to do something not many other boys like me could do. There is actually a lot of knowledge needed to be a good cook. There are hundreds of different terms that you need to have an understanding of in order to make a successful cook. One term that confused me was â€Å"cut in. † I was trying to mix some butter into sugar with a knife, needless to say it wasn’t working. The recipe didn’t really want me to cut anything. It just wanted me to cream the butter and sugar together with a pastry blender (which isn’t really a blender at all)! Like I said if you don’t know the terms you could really mess up a recipe. Another big thing you need to know to be a successful cook is the techniques need to make a certain dish. For instance if I don’t know how to hand knead dough then I cant make homemade bread. If I don’t know how to make a mousse then I couldn’t make a chocolate pie. Thank goodness that there are multiple websites and resources that help you to understand and get help perfecting these techniques. In conclusion cooking is a very useful skill that everyone needs to know even a little bit about. I am so glad that I choose to study and learn about this skill. It is such an easy and rewarding skill to learn that I don’t know why everybody cant be a good cook if they try to be. However, it is much easier if you have someone who has experience to help you!

The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay -- Human Resour

INTRODUCTION In today’s business environment, the complexity of international business has increased and international competition has been highlighted as an essential element for multinational firms (MNCs). Thus, in order to gain competitive advantage, various resources are utilized, such as financial capital, technology location or human resource (HR). Moreover, HR could be seemed as one of the most important resource which has also become a focus of attention of senior managers in MNCs. As suggested by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can gain competitive advantage through use of HR practice, such as training, compensation, socialization, selection, performance appraisal and career development, as long as other firms are unable to duplicate their efforts easily and quickly. However, while HR practices and policies are performing across countries, culture would be a key point. Culture can be defined not only at the national, but also at the group, organizational, and even international level. All t hese cultures have certain effects on the choice and efficiency of HR policies and practices. Between national and other types of culture, therefore, need to be divided clearly because national culture makes a unique contribution to understanding HR policies and practices. Therefore, there is no doubt that national culture is a key factor on HR practices or polices, as a functional activity in international business. In this paper, the role and effects of national culture in HR will be discussed firstly. And then the potential problems that MCNs may have if they do not consider national culture as a key factor in HRM success. In the final stage, the solution of those problems will be presented in this paper. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HU... ...aeger, A. M. (1986) ‘Organization development and national culture: Where's the fit? , ‘ in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 178-190. Hill, C.W.L. (2005) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (5th ed.), New York: Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural constrains in management theories,’ in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 81-93. MacMillan, I. C. (1984) ‘Gaining competitive advantage through human resource management practice,’ in Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, pp. 241-255. Punnett, B. J. & Ricks, D. A. (1992) International business, Boston: PWSKent. Schuler, R. S. & Jackson S. E. (1994) ‘Convergence or divergence: Human resource practices and policies for competitive advantage worldwide,’ in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 267-99. The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay -- Human Resour INTRODUCTION In today’s business environment, the complexity of international business has increased and international competition has been highlighted as an essential element for multinational firms (MNCs). Thus, in order to gain competitive advantage, various resources are utilized, such as financial capital, technology location or human resource (HR). Moreover, HR could be seemed as one of the most important resource which has also become a focus of attention of senior managers in MNCs. As suggested by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can gain competitive advantage through use of HR practice, such as training, compensation, socialization, selection, performance appraisal and career development, as long as other firms are unable to duplicate their efforts easily and quickly. However, while HR practices and policies are performing across countries, culture would be a key point. Culture can be defined not only at the national, but also at the group, organizational, and even international level. All t hese cultures have certain effects on the choice and efficiency of HR policies and practices. Between national and other types of culture, therefore, need to be divided clearly because national culture makes a unique contribution to understanding HR policies and practices. Therefore, there is no doubt that national culture is a key factor on HR practices or polices, as a functional activity in international business. In this paper, the role and effects of national culture in HR will be discussed firstly. And then the potential problems that MCNs may have if they do not consider national culture as a key factor in HRM success. In the final stage, the solution of those problems will be presented in this paper. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HU... ...aeger, A. M. (1986) ‘Organization development and national culture: Where's the fit? , ‘ in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 178-190. Hill, C.W.L. (2005) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (5th ed.), New York: Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural constrains in management theories,’ in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 81-93. MacMillan, I. C. (1984) ‘Gaining competitive advantage through human resource management practice,’ in Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, pp. 241-255. Punnett, B. J. & Ricks, D. A. (1992) International business, Boston: PWSKent. Schuler, R. S. & Jackson S. E. (1994) ‘Convergence or divergence: Human resource practices and policies for competitive advantage worldwide,’ in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 267-99. The Affect of National Culture on Human Resources Essay -- Human Resour INTRODUCTION In today’s business environment, the complexity of international business has increased and international competition has been highlighted as an essential element for multinational firms (MNCs). Thus, in order to gain competitive advantage, various resources are utilized, such as financial capital, technology location or human resource (HR). Moreover, HR could be seemed as one of the most important resource which has also become a focus of attention of senior managers in MNCs. As suggested by MacMillan(1984), MNCs can gain competitive advantage through use of HR practice, such as training, compensation, socialization, selection, performance appraisal and career development, as long as other firms are unable to duplicate their efforts easily and quickly. However, while HR practices and policies are performing across countries, culture would be a key point. Culture can be defined not only at the national, but also at the group, organizational, and even international level. All t hese cultures have certain effects on the choice and efficiency of HR policies and practices. Between national and other types of culture, therefore, need to be divided clearly because national culture makes a unique contribution to understanding HR policies and practices. Therefore, there is no doubt that national culture is a key factor on HR practices or polices, as a functional activity in international business. In this paper, the role and effects of national culture in HR will be discussed firstly. And then the potential problems that MCNs may have if they do not consider national culture as a key factor in HRM success. In the final stage, the solution of those problems will be presented in this paper. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN HU... ...aeger, A. M. (1986) ‘Organization development and national culture: Where's the fit? , ‘ in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 178-190. Hill, C.W.L. (2005) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (5th ed.), New York: Mc Graw-Hill/Irwin Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural constrains in management theories,’ in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, Iss. 1, pp. 81-93. MacMillan, I. C. (1984) ‘Gaining competitive advantage through human resource management practice,’ in Human Resource Management, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, pp. 241-255. Punnett, B. J. & Ricks, D. A. (1992) International business, Boston: PWSKent. Schuler, R. S. & Jackson S. E. (1994) ‘Convergence or divergence: Human resource practices and policies for competitive advantage worldwide,’ in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, pp. 267-99.

Global Developmental Delay Essay

Global Developmental Delay (GDD) is the general term used to describe a condition that occurs during the developmental period of a child between birth and 18 years. It is usually defined by the child being diagnosed with having a lower intellectual functioning than what is perceived as ‘normal’. It is usually accompanied by having significant limitations in communication. It is said to affect about 1-3% of the population. Causes The most common causes of GDD are chromosomal and/or genetic abnormalities such as Down’s Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome or abnormalities with the structure or development of the brain or spinal cord such as Cerebral Palsy or Spina Bifida. Other causes can include prematurity – being born too early – or infections, such as Congenital Rubella or Meningitis. There are a number of diagnostic tests that can be done to identify the underlying cause of GDD. Sometimes these causes can be treated to cure the developmental delay, or at least to prevent it worsening. However, often the cause is never able to be fully determined. SIGNS OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY CAN INCLUDE: ââ€" ª The child is unable to sit on the floor without support by 8 months; ââ€" ª The child is unable to crawl by 12 months; ââ€" ª The child has poor social skills/ judgment; ââ€" ª The child is unable to roll over by 6 months; ââ€" ª The child has communication problems ââ€" ª The child has fine/ gross motor difficulties ââ€" ª The child shows aggressive behavior as a coping skill In some children GDD is suspected soon after birth because of feeding difficulties or muscle-tone. In others it is suspected later when learning or behavior difficulties occur at school. Diagnostic Examinations Once suspected, tests can confirm the presence of developmental delay. Since the causes can be numerous, the diagnostic tests aim to cover broad areas and may include: – Metabolic tests and screening – Genetic (Chromosome) testing – Hearing and vision test – Lead screening – Thyroid screening – Electroencephalography (EEG), Computed tomography (CT) scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Psychological assessment Psychological assessment Psychological assessment often involves an in depth interview with the parent(s) and possibly a psychological assessment of the parent(s) as well. Parents are also asked to complete structured questionnaires about their children’s functioning, including observations of playground behaviour, interaction with other children and various skills children are expected to perform at certain ages (e.g., tying shoe laces, dressing independently). Children are tested for motor skills, academic skills and language skills. Treatments There is no single treatment for GDD but there are ways to help some of the conditions that may be causing the delay. Once a pediatrician or neurologist has completed testing of the child, he/ she may advise on treatments for whatever underlying medical conditions that may exist. For example, hearing or visual impairment or therapeutic input by a Speech and Language Therapist Occupational Therapist and Physiotherapist. It is possible that no cause will be found or that the cause that is identified may be difficult, if not impossible, to treat. On the other hand, being aware of the conditions that are causing the delay can help parents, teachers and medical professionals to better counsel and guide children who are experiencing developmental problems. Theraphy Speech and Language Therapy Speech and language therapy is concerned with the management of disorders of speech, language, communication and swallowing in children and adults Augmentative Communication is an umbrella term that encompasses the communication methods used to supplement or replace speech or writing for those with impairments in the production or comprehension of spoken or written language Sign Language involve simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speaker’s thoughts Sensory Integration Therapy sennsory-based therapies involve activities that are believed to organize the sensory system by providing vestibular, proprioceptive, auditory, and tactile inputs. Brushes, swings, balls, and other specially designed therapeutic or recreational equipment are used to provide these inputs Approaches Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) A type of behavior analysis based on the traditional theory of behaviorism to modify human behaviors as part of a learning or treatment process. Behavior analysts focus on the observable relationship of behavior to the environment to the exclusion of what they call â€Å"hypothetical constructs†. By functionally assessing the relationship between a targeted behavior and the environment, the methods of ABA can be used to change that behavior. DIR Method (Floortime) Dr. Stanley Greenspan, a child psychiatrist, developed a form of play therapy that uses interactions and relationships to reach children with developmental delays and autism. This method is called the Developmental, Individual-Difference,Relationship-Based model, or â€Å"DIR ®/Floortime† for short. Floortime is based on the theory that autism is caused by problems with brain processing that affect a child’s relationships and senses, among other things. With Floor Time, the child’s actions are assumed to be purposeful. It is the parent’s or caregiver’s role to follow the child’s lead and help him develop social interaction and communication skills. Miller Method The Miller Method has four basic goals: †¢ It assesses the adaptive significance of the children’s disordered behavior, †¢ It attempts to transform the disordered behavior into functional activity, †¢ It attempts to expand and guide the children from closed ways (of living alone or in immediate circle like with parents) into social and communicative exchanges, and †¢ It guides and teaches professionals and parents as regards the ways and systems to be followed to facilitate children the children affected with autism and related disorders toward reading, writing, number concepts, symbolic plays, and development of typical classroom activities. Relationship Development Intervention. The program’s core philosophy is that individuals with autism can participate in authentic emotional relationships if they are exposed to them in a gradual, systematic way. The goal of treatment is to systematically build up the motivation and tools for successfully interacting in social relationships, to correct deficits in this area that are thought to be common to all people with autism. Son-Rise Is a home-based program for children with autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities, which was developed by Barry Neil Kaufman and Samahria Lyte Kaufman Parents are trained at an institute on how to be aware of their attitudes—a core principle of the therapy—for bonding and relationship building, as well as creating a low-stimulus, distraction-free playroom environment so the child can feel secure and in control of the over-stimulation. Parents and facilitators mimic a child’s exclusive and restricted â€Å"stimming† behavior, until the child shows social cues for willing engagement. Then encouragement for more complex social activities is done in a noncoercive way, while simultaneously using the â€Å"3 E’s†: Energy, excitement, enthusiasm. If the child moves away from social interaction, the facilitator gives the child their space by using parallel play in order to gain the child’s self-trust. To acquire skill acquisition, the program uses the child’s particular motivation for learning TEACCH Program provides clinical services such as diagnostic evaluations, parent training and parent support groups, social play and recreation groups, individual counseling for higher-functioning clients, and supported employment. In addition, TEACCH conducts training nationally and internationally and provides consultation for teachers, residential care providers, and other professionals from a variety of disciplines. Research activities include psychological, educational, and biomedical studies. Coping Step 1 Research all of the options to help your child mitigate the developmental delays. Visit your child’s pediatrician if you suspect developmental delays and ask for an evaluation. Contact the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, also known as NICHCY. They offer information to all sectors of society regarding disabilities in children and youths from birth to age 22. With guidance from your child’s doctor or a developmental specialist, consider counseling, training and therapy. Sponsored Links Step 2 Create a family plan that integrates all the needed therapies into regular family activities. It is easy, especially during the early months of learning your child has a developmental delay, to feel overwhelmed and unable to focus. A family plan or schedule establishes routines that guide everyone each day. Use the plan as a family blueprint, but create enough flexibility to integrate new activities and changes in daily routines. Step 3 Establish opportunities for respite. The energy and commitment required to assist a developmentally delayed child drains energy from parents and siblings. Contact your local social services agency regarding respite services. Find a trained respite provider who will care for your developmentally delayed child for a few days or a weekend. Families need occasional breaks from the stress in order to operate at their best when their child is home. Step 4 Investigate programs for siblings that allow them to share their worries and frustrations in a safe, supportive setting. Ask extended family, friends, neighbors and your faith community for help with such things as transportation and meals. Step 5 Work with your child’s school system to create academic supports through the creation of an individualized education plan (IEP). Children with developmental delays receive academic assistance, as outlined by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a federal law. Some children may require specialized services for a few years, while others may need support throughout their school years. Step 6 Acknowledge issues of grief, loss and disappointment. Parents may require assistance reevaluating their plans and dreams for the child. Siblings may need help understanding the limitations and abilities of their developmentally delayed brother or sister. The developmentally delayed child may require support and strategies to understand their disability.

Case Studies: Chapter 1-4

Chapter 1: What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids? 1. How do smart grids differ from the current electricity infrastructure in the United States? One of the main differences between smart grids and present electricity infrastructure in the U. S. is that smart grids provide electricity by utilizing digital technology in order to save energy, to reduce costs, and to increase reliability as oppose to present electricity grids provides electricity which is obsoleted and inefficient (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Another difference is that current electricity grids do not deliver any information about how people utilize energy which makes even more difficult to create approaches to distributions in the efficient manner (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Since current electricity grids do not provide useful information, distributors and consumers may not be able to make proper decisions about how they use energy efficiently (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Conversely, smart grids provide information to both energy provides and consumers so that they can make decisions for better efficiency (U.S. Department of Energy, 2012). Additionally, smart grids deliver information from the house to the power provider and can monitor the electricity usage to lower the cost to the consumers and save energy by using them more efficiently (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 2. What management, organization, and technology issues should be considered when developing a smart grid? The management issues that need to be considered during the development of smart grid would be to convince the consumer to switch over to the smart grid system (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).The need for smart grid must be relayed to the consumer and shown how the utilization of the smart grid will benefit both the power provider and the consumer by being able to utilize power more efficiently (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Consumers will like to have their privacy protected, and the management of the power provider must assure their consumers not to feel i ntruded by the power company but focus on the benefits of the smart grid system such as lowering their electricity bills though the information feedback system that can relay how the energy s being used and the ability to analyze it (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). The organizational issue that the smart grid system will have to overcome would be the high cost of the smart grid system to be put into place. The meter that needs to be installed in each household may range from $250 to $500 per unit (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Some consumers are not willing to initially spend the money to have the meter installed especially when they know that to save energy they need to turn off lights and other appliances or electronics when they are not being used (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Additionally, once the smart grid system has been successfully been set up, the power provider may risk losing revenue as more consumers are able to use their energy more efficiently (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). The technology iss ue would be the fact that in the initial installation of the system, it will be time and money consuming on both the consumer and the power provider (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). A completely new system must be put into place and replace the old system. With the advancement of technology, this may become vulnerable to forms of cybercrimes as with any other advanced forms of technology may be attacked (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Also, the complicated technology may not be user friendly to everyone especially to the elders or someone who is not as technologically aware. 3. What challenge to the development of smart grids do you think is most likely to hamper their development? The challenges that smart grids face that may hinder their development would be the fact that first of all the startup of the system is very expensive and time consuming (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). The complete infrastructure must be changed in order for smart grids to be fully replaced (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).It is also ex pensive for the home or business owners to install the meter necessary to monitor the electricity use and have to figure out who will pay for the initial installation of the meter, when the power provider will have to cover the cost of the system running which may be as high as $75billion (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). As mentioned in previous question, the consumers must also be assured that they do not have to worry about being a victim of a cybercrime and their privacy will be protected.Additionally with the advancement of technology, they must make sure it is user friendly to everyone as some consumers are already making claim that they had a hard time figuring out how to read and analyze the meters (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). The hardest part of the power providers starting up with the grid system is to solve all of the issues mentioned above and convince the entire nation to switch over to the smart grid system. 4. What other areas of our infrastructure could benefit from â€Å"smartà ¢â‚¬  technologies?Smart technology can monitor, assess and analyze any form of data and optimize the consumption of resources to be able to utilize them effectively. Smart car can effectively monitor the consumption of gasoline and use it to minimize the consumption and extend it in order to get the maximum miles per gallon ratio to save money and gasoline (McGlaun, 2012). Some cars automatically shuts their engine off while the vehicle is not in motion and automatically turns itself back on when it needs to move (McGlaun, 2012). Hybrid vehicles use gasoline and combine it with electricity to further increase the miles to the gallon ratio.Other smart technologies that are used in cars would be the two way communication technology that will tell cars where other cars are at and what path they are taking. In that way the computers inside the cars can know exactly where each other are at and avoid collision (McGlaun, 2012). Smart technologies are being utilized in automobiles and oth er areas not only limited to houses but also electricity in order to maintain and preserve the nonrenewable resources (McGlaun, 2012). 5. Would you like your home and your community to be part of a smart grid?Why or why not? Explain. I personally would not like to be a part of the smart grid system. I think that the grid system is a great idea for someone who needs to be reminded and guided on how to effectively utilize electricity. In addition, I also believe that it is important for the environment to conserve power; however like many other consumers I know how to conserve electricity. For example, I turn off electronics and unnecessary appliances when they are not in use, I lower the air conditioner at night time and when I leave the house and make ure all the lights and TV are turned off when they are not being used to name a few. I feel that I am responsible and have the ability to regulate my electricity consumption. That being said, I do wish to pay up to $500 up front for so mething that I already know and can manage. That is why I do not wish my neighborhood to switch over to the smart grid system. Chapter 2: Collaboration and Innovation at Procter & Gamble 1. What is Procter & Gamble’s business strategy? What is the relationship of collaboration and innovation to that business strategy?The Procter & Gamble’s business strategy is to keep the consumers by maintaining the brand and popularity they have with existing consumers (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Procter & Gamble also focuses on improving their already existing line of products in order to keep the popularity that they already have (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Lastly, Procter & Gamble creates completely new products from start to the final product and sent out new items to the market to improve their sales (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Procter & Gamble innovates and adds to the market by dividing its focus to developing and creating new brands and items for the market. The company needs the colla boration between all of their stake holders being the researchers, marketers and the managers to all work together in order to improve work efficiency which has made them one of the top companies in the world (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 2. How is P&G using collaboration systems to execute its business model and business strategy?List and describe the collaboration systems and technologies it is using and the benefits of each. The collaboration of over 8,000 scientists and researchers that are employed by Procter & Gamble worldwide, marketers and managers working together increases innovation and as a result further their success in the industry (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). As large as the company is, they keep utilizing all of their employees to research, experiment, produce, market and organize their own brand and create new products (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).With a large amount of employees throughout the world, good communication was crucial to working as one and becoming successful. Proc tor and Gamble collaborated with Cisco Telepresence to improve their communication abilities and made certain that all employees have access to the system to bring the organization into one well-oiled machine (Cisco, 2008). While P&G were conducting business, they realized that one communication system was not sufficient enough to be able to satisfy their large demands and needs (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).They also incorporated Connectbeam, which is another communication system which allowed employees to share more effectively more information by the utilization of networks between one coworker to another in the form of tagging and bookmarks (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 3. Why were some collaborative technologies slow to catch on at P&G? Some collaborative technologies were slow to catch on at P&G because it took time for all employees to try out something new as many people are more comfortable with what they are used to and are not eager to make changes (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Employees may feel intimidated or does not want to change their normal routine even though they may be told that the new system such as the new communication systems are better and more efficient than the ones that already exist such as new email systems (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Another example would be a specific incident where researchers were using old outdated version of Microsoft software to print out the research and paste them onto notebook physically with paper and glue (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).To counter this effect, Microsoft overhauled the communication system and attempted to make it easier for the employees to utilize new technology and bring everything together (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 4. Compare P&G’s old and new processes for writing up and distributing the results of a research experiment. In the past, researchers wrote up experiments that were performed or to be performed using Microsoft Office (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). The researchers then printed out what they have ty ped, and physically glued them onto a notebook one page at a time to place them into a book format (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).The old email system were too controlled by the employees in terms of the receivers of that specific email, being that if the employee who was sending the email did not send it to the appropriate receiver, then the email was ineffective as a means of communication (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). On the other hand, other forms of communications such as blogs reached out to too large of an audience that being anyone who were interested and cannot be relied on sending sensitive messages (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Microsoft products streamlined the communication problems and issues that P&G had to make communication more effective (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 5. Why is telepresence such a useful collaborative tool for a company like P&G? Telepresence is a useful collaborative tool for company such as P&G because in an organization as large as P&G, they need to be able to keep all of their employees which lives in 80 different countries connected through communication (Cisco, 2008).Not only does Telepresence allow international communications not only by the forms of telephone, email or the internet, Telepresence has the ability to supply P&G with 300 videoconferencing rooms where employees such as researchers can see each other during conference which may allow the researchers visual communication or actually show each other’s research and experiment over the video than just verbally explaining tedious and confusing procedures (Cisco, 2008). The videoconferencing room will also allow for a company meeting or private meetings between any employees of P&G without having to travel, which can save time and travel fees.Telepresence can help the P&G Company by effective communication methods (Cisco, 2008). 6. Can you think of other ways P&G could use collaboration to foster innovation? Procter and Gamble has more than 8,000 researchers with 1,000 or more o f them having Ph. D. experimenting, researching and innovating new products for the company in approximately 30 research facilities (Coleman & Hymowitz, 2012). Procter and Gamble is well known and respected company that is known to innovate new products and as a result they have a collaboration of many individuals and organization working for the company and assisting those (Coleman & Hymowitz, 2012).Procter and Gamble can reach out and incorporate more researchers from other parts of the world to collaborate and innovate new products using new ideas and point of view from different part of the world (Coleman & Hymowitz, 2012). Chapter 3: HOW MUCH DO CREDIT CARD COMPANIES KNOW ABOUT YOU? 1. What competitive strategy are the credit card companies pursuing? How do information systems support that strategy? The credit card companies may be following low-cost leadership strategy and product differentiation strategy at the same time (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).For instance, the credit compan ies can categorize the cardholders based on the regular charges the cardholder charges on the credit card (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). From the types of charges that are made on a regular bases. For example the credit card company may see someone charging many speeding ticket costs onto their credit card as being risky and impulsive just as much as someone who has a record of being behind on their bills (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Furthermore, someone that will pay off their credit card bills in a timely matter or someone that will go out of their way to put a high quality product on their credit card categorized as being responsible and a better customer and may have a higher maximum balance on their card (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). The information system gathered by the credit card company profiles cardholders and places them into categories which may be bias and profiling (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).Additionally using this data and reaching out to the customers and offering them advices may res ult in the customers wanting to pay off their debt to their credit card companies before they pay off other credit cards as an individual who was going through a divorce paid off their debt to one company who took time to offer the customers assistance while that customer was unable to pay off other credit cards (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 2. What are the business benefits of analyzing customer purchase data and constructing behavioral profiles?The benefits of analyzing customer purchase data and constructing behavioral profiles would be that the business can have an idea based on the data who will be more likely to pay back the debt in a timely matter and potentially avoid loss (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Customers with a history of not paying off their debt or customers who spend in an impulsive matter may have a hard time paying off the charges and have a hard time getting qualified for loans and higher limit. An example would be customers who lost their homes to foreclosures that put their mortgage on their credit card and abandoned paying their debt (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).On the other hand, customers who have a history of paying off their credit card debt in timely matter may be able to get a higher limit and may have a better reputation from their credit card company (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). There are benefits to the credit card company to analyze using the purchase data being that the credit card companies will be paid back the customers debt, however this does create a bias opinion of their customers as some may not be true and potentially good customers.Additionally, by using analysis from data, it may protect the cardholders as it may alert the credit card companies any charges that may be unusual and ultimately alert the cardholders and potentially avoid or protect the customers from fraudulent transactions (Dhanapal, 2012). Once the fraudulent transaction is identified, the cardholders can then request to start an investigation and shut down that accoun t (Dhanapal, 2012) (Mavri, Angelis, Ioannou, Gaki, & Koufodontis, 2008).Once the investigation has been initiated, it allows law enforcement to track down the date, time and the location of transactions and even request a video surveillance of the fraudulent transactions and create a starting point for investigators and law enforcement officer to conduct and identify the subjects (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). 3. Are these practices by credit card companies ethical? Are they an invasion of privacy? Why or why not? I believe that these practices by the credit card companies on analyzing their customers purchase data have both pros and cons.They are unethical in the terms that every situation is different in every case. If the customer is having a hard time in their life, such as being in between jobs, they may not have the financial means to pay off all of their debt on time, however it does not mean that the customer is intentionally not paying off their debt to steal from the credit card companies (Mavri, Angelis, Ioannou, Gaki, & Koufodontis, 2008). It may be that the individual may have a job lined up and they may pay off the credit card debt as soon as they get more financial stability (Mavri, Angelis, Ioannou, Gaki, & Koufodontis, 2008).As a customer, the idea of credit card would be that the customers can purchase what they need at the time even though they don’t have the liquid asset in that particular time and pay them off on a later date and time (Mavri, Angelis, Ioannou, Gaki, & Koufodontis, 2008). By being judged by the analysis based on data, customers may be being judged by unfair bias (Mavri, Angelis, Ioannou, Gaki, & Koufodontis, 2008). On the other hand credit card companies are business and need to be paid back the debt that people make by making a purchase on their credit cards.If the company does not get paid back the debt, then the credit card company will be losing revenue in a highly competitive industry. Chapter 4: The Perils of Texting 1. Which of the five moral dimensions of information systems identified in this text is involved in this case? Accountability and control is one of the moral dimension of information systems that is involved in this case because people that text while driving should be held accountable and liable if they put someone in danger, injure, or worse (Laudon & Laudon, 2010).Mobile phone subscriptions have increased considerably over the past decade and have been continuing to rise at a rapid rate. According to recent study, 5,870 more deaths and 515,000 more accidents were caused from prior years by texting while driving (The Perils of Texting, 2012). Based on this information, it is obvious that we should not wait until someone gets injured in order to hold people accountable for texting and driving; there needs to be accountability now.Quality of life is another moral dimension of information systems that is involved in this case because though we are living in an information-and-knowle dge based technological society, there are certain values and practices that should be preserved and supported (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). Valuing human life is one of those practices that should be supported. Those who text while driving put so many people at risk. Society as a whole is aware of the dangers associated with texting while driving; therefore, those who do so, are not valuing human life. 2. What are the ethical, social, and political issues raised by this case?Several States, 31 to be exact, have already prohibited texting while driving, and there are likely more to come; President Obama has also prohibited texting while driving for Federal government workers (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). The ethical, social, and political issues raised by this case are very important as texting while driving has become one of the most prevalent and dangerous practices people all over are vulnerable to. The laws surrounding texting while driving vary among states, some severer than others. The point is that this is a major issue in anywhere throughout the world.It is ethically wrong to text while driving because people are putting others in dangerous way (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). There is, however, still some debate between the social and political aspects of this problem; some feel that we should be allowed to text while driving because we should be free to make our own decisions, while others argue it is not the state’s or federal responsibility to outlaw poor decision-making (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). Despite the opposition, there is a need for legislatures to set harsher penalties for drivers who creates an unsafe road conditions when they text and drive (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). . Which of the ethical principles described in the text are useful for decision making about (Dhanapal, 2012)texting while driving? The ethical principles described in the text that are useful for decision making about texting while driving are: †¢The Golden Rule because people shoul d do unto others as people would like to have them do unto themselves (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). Therefore, people should not put others in harm’s way by texting behind the wheel if they don’t want to be put themselves in harm’s way because others could potentially do the same thing. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative principle is applicable because it applies to everyone. It is not ok for me to text while driving and not others because my actions could endanger someone else. If everyone texted while driving the probability of that action endangering people increases enormously. †¢Descartes Rule of Change is useful for decision making about texting while driving because every time you text you are increasing the risk of injury to yourself or others.This rules states that if the action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take it at all. This also applies because if you text and drive once and get away with it, you may be inclined to keep doing. This is the slippery slope rule (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). †¢Risk Aversion principle is useful for decision making about texting while driving because it asks you to take a course of action that produces the least amount of harm (Laudon & Laudon, 2010). In this case, you should choose not to text while driving because it could potentially cause a great deal of harm.

Essay on Ethical Voting (Sample)

Essay on Ethical Voting (Sample) Essay on Ethical Voting How we vote matters. When we vote, we can aggravate government better or, and thusly, improve individuals lives. Terrible decisions at the surveys can crush monetary open doors, create emergencies that settle for what is most convenient option of living, prompt vile and superfluous wars (and subsequently to a huge number of passing’s), prompt sexist, bigot, and homophobic enactment, help fortify destitution, deliver excessively correctional criminal enactment etc. Voting dislikes picking what to eat off an eaterys menu. However, when voters settle on terrible decisions at the surveys, everybody endures. Untrustworthy voting can hurt guiltless individuals. How other individuals vote is my business. All things considered, they make it my business. Appointive choices are forced upon all through constraints, that is, through brutality and dangers of savagery. With regards to legislative issues, we are not allowed to leave terrible choices. Voters force externalities upon others. We could never say to everybody, Who cares in the event that you know anything about surgery or medication? The imperative thing is that you make your cut. Yet for reasons unknown, we do state, It doesnt make a difference on the off chance that you know much about legislative issues. The imperative thing is to vote. In the two cases, bumbling basic leadership can hurt pure individuals. Practical ethical quality instructs us to treat the two cases in an unexpected way. Conventional ethical quality isnt right. In The Ethics of Voting, I contend that residents have no standing good commitment to vote. Voting is only one of numerous ways one can pay an obligation to society, serve different subjects, advance the benefit of everyone, practice community uprightness, and keep away from free-riding off the endeavors of others. Taking part in governmental issues is not all that much, ethically. Be that as it may, I contend that if residents do choose to vote, they have exceptionally strict good commitments with respect to how they vote. I contend that nationals must vote in favor of what they justifiably accept will advance the benefit of everyone, or else they should avoid. That is, voters should vote on the premise of sound confirmation. They should put in substantial work to ensure their explanations behind voting as they do are ethically and epistemic ally legitimized. As a rule, they should vote in favor of the benefit of everyone instead of for limit self-intrigue. Residents who are unwilling or unfit to put in the diligent work of ending up great voters ought not to vote by any stretch of the imagination. They should remain home on race day as opposed to dirty the surveys with their awful votes. When we vote, we can aggravate government better or. Thus, our votes can exacerbate individuals lives better or. On the off-chance that we settle on awful decisions at the surveys, we get bigot, sexist, and homophobic laws. Monetary open doors vanish or neglect to emerge. We fight crooked and pointless wars. We burn through trillions on strange boost plans and privilege programs that do little to animate economies or lighten neediness. We neglect to burn through cash on programs that would work better. We get overregulation in a few spots, under regulation in others, furthermore, bunches of direction whose sole impact is to secure out of line financial focal points for unique interests. We inflict and propagate foul play. We abandon poor people. We wage medicate wars that ghettoize inward urban areas. We toss an excessive number of individuals behind bars. We base our movement and exchange arrangements on xenophobia and ancient monetary speculations. Voting is ethically significant. Voting changes the quality, scope, and sort of government.

What is the place of reason in relationship to understanding animal Essay

What is the place of reason in relationship to understanding animal life Coetzee - Essay Example I will take the chance to talk about these horrors.† (Coetzee, 117) Understanding animal life establishes what form of relation should exist between human beings and animals. Animals learn from experience and future behavior will be formed through earlier experiences. From birth, they pick knowledge from various sources on deaths, heights, fire; water among others. â€Å"The old are thus more experienced than the young, due to years of experience. The old are more cunning and astute because of years of experience acquired through observation. The old are thus less likely to avoid harm† (Coetzee, 123) Therefore, understanding animal life helps to explain why they behave in a particular way. This is because of what they have observed. Animals that have faced danger before will most likely be very conscious of any incoming danger. With this form of information, human beings are made aware of the form of treatment that each animal deserves. â€Å"The observation formed against one animal, is by reasoning extended to other animals† (David, 76). Besides that, understanding animal life is vital in the making of crucial decisions on which animals are fit for consumptions and which are not fit for consumption. A debate ranges where some individuals feel that some animals can be eaten while others cannot and in the meantime there are those that are totally against the consumption of any form of animal viewing it as a horrendous act (Coetzee, 138). To make credible decisions on which animals should be eaten and which should not be eaten, we need a deep understanding of animal life. Understanding animal life also establishes if there is any form of relation ship that exists between human being and animals. Coetzee, asks whether human beings have anything common with animals. Do they reason like animals? Do animals have self-consciousness found in human beings, or a soul? According to this lecture (Coetzee, 119) if animals are like human beings

Sexual Deviance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual Deviance - Term Paper Example This essay will examine each of these, as well as looking at one particular deviancy, voyeurism, and determine how this is assessed. Assessing Sexual Deviance One way to assess sexual deviancy is a method known as penile plethysmograph (Simon et al. 1991). This is a way of measuring tumescence in response to fantasy or laboratory stimuli. According to Simon (1991), this method assumes a somewhat controversial theoretical explanation of sexual deviance. And this theoretical explanation for sexual deviance is that if there is a penile arousal, then there would be corresponding overt sexual acts. As noted above, however, this method is considered to be controversial because many sexual deviants actually are not able to obtain erection – for instance, many pedophiles are actually impotent, and sometimes there are exhibitionists who also cannot get an erection. However, this is one method of assessment, so it should be examined further (Simon, 1991). According to Simon (1991), phal lometric measures are commonly obtained by using a strain gauge or mercury in rubber gauge. Penile volume measures, by design, assess volume changes in terms of penis diameter and length. The patient, who is the alleged sexual deviant, is then showed different erotic cues and the degree of sexual arousal is measured. The stimuli might include movies, erotic stories, nudes and audiotaped narratives. Among the stimuli are materials which are considered to be inappropriate in some way. For instance, a pedophile may be assessed by showing the individual pictures of children who are nude and gauging the penile reaction to this. Moreover, in addition to the actual tumescence of the penis, another factor is how long the stimulus is presented. The man is then scored according to how much he was aroused in looking at different inappropriate stimuli (Simon, 1991). This is one way to assess sexual deviancy. There are other ways, and these are described by Hanson and Thornton (2000). They descr ibe ways to conduct risk assessment of pedophiles, and these assessments are used to predict the danger of future recidivism. Hanson and Thornton (2000) describe three different kind of actuarial scales which are used to predict future behavior of pedophiles. One is the Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offense Recidivism (RRASOR). This is a test that uses variables which are easily scored – the seven items on this scale are prior sex offenses, prior nonsex offenses, any male victims, any stranger victims, any unrelated victims, marital status and age. The variables are then correlated and calculated into seven different datasets, then averaged using meta-analytic techniques. Another is the Structured Anchored Clinical Judgment (SACJ). This is an assessment technique that uses a stepwise approach – the first step is classifying the person into low, medium or high risk, and this assessment is based upon the offenders convictions; then, in the next steps, the offenders are r eclassified according to protective or aggravating factors. In other words, the offender may be initially considered high risk, but may be reclassified as a lower risk, depending upon different factors. A third type of assessment is known as the Static-99. This is a scale that uses the previous two, and the Static-99 adds together the items from the other two assessments, by using the static factors (Hanson & Thornton, 2000). Another way of assessing sexual deviancy is through the Abel